The Evolution Of Management Theory - 1026 Words

Introduction The evolution of management has been changed many times since the early 1900’s. Many different management theories have been developed, the external factor also changing at the same time, such as the technology and the nature of career. The main theories include classical theory, neoclassical theory, modern systems theory, contingency (or decision) theory, and chaos theory. In the earliest management theories, efficiency was thought to be the most important. However, in today’s workplace; contingency and chaos are the most prominent of management theories (Chon, 2016). Organizational theory is considered very important in this age of globalization simply because it can maximize efficiency and productivity if applied correctly.†¦show more content†¦Classical organization theory evolved after the first half of the 20th century. This theory represents the merger of scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory. Scientific management synthesizes workflows by focusing on getting the best resources for production tasks. Bureaucratic theory is an authority structure that is a system of organization and administration to ensure workplace efficiency. Administrative theory worked to establish a set of management principles that applied to all organizations (Chon, 2016). An advantage of the classical theory is that it is a hierarchical structure. The top level of management is board of directors and chief executives who are responsible for the organization’s long term goals. Middle management is responsible for goals o f their specific department and the budget. Lower level supervisors oversee day-to-day operations. Bart is considered a low level supervisor; he implements processes so workers are trained to efficiently perform their jobs. The school of thought and theorist that best depicts Bart’s management style is Frederick Taylor. Scientific Management, also called Taylorism, is a theory of management that analyzes work flows. Its main objective is improving workplace productivity. Bart’s management style improved productivity (toy assembly and shipping process).Show MoreRelatedEvolution Of Management Theory And Management Theories2135 Words   |  9 PagesEvolution of Management Theory Jamal Roberts Pasco Hernando State College Evolution of Management Theory In reality, every person in a management position handles the way that they do their job differently. Management is one of the most important parts of an organization, if not the most important. However, the development of management in organizations has changed dramatically from the late eighteenth century to now. In the eighteenth century, managers relied on power and setting strictRead MoreThe Evolution Of Management Theory1153 Words   |  5 PagesDetailed Summary Management theory constantly evolves when there are new ideas or when there is and intention of attempts of transforming the theory. Hence this theory can also be called as the â€Å"condensed theory† To know the history of the management theory is the fundamental task (Sarshar, 2002). The evolution of management began after the industrial revolution had occurred in Europe and America, which was in the end of the 19th century. During the evolution of the management theory, there were manyRead MoreEvolution of Management Theory3422 Words   |  14 PagesABSTRACT In this paper, we examine how management theory concerning appropriate management practices has evolved in modern times, and look at the central concerns that have guided its development. First, we examine the so-called classical management theories that emerged around the turn of the twentieth century. These include scientific management, which focuses on matching people and tasks to maximize efficiency; and administrative management, which focuses on identifying the principles that willRead MoreThe Evolution Of Management Theory2071 Words   |  9 PagesThe Evolution of Management. Management theory has evolved over the years going from business ran somewhat like a family to a heavily structured bureaucracy. the individuals discussed below FINSIH HERE According to Wren Bedeian (2009), the theory of management contributed to heavily by two individuals. Henri Fayol, a French engineer manager, and Max Weber a German sociologist economist. Both men are praised for their ideas which have influenced many generations of managers, scholars and continueRead MoreThe Evolution of Management Theory3465 Words   |  14 PagesINTRODUCTION - THE EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT THEORY During the industrial revolution that took place in Western Europe and North America in the 18th century; various machines were built and the economy which was based on manual labor was replaced by machines. Then factories of large scale in the garment sector, automobile sector etc emerged rapidly and the need to increase organizational efficiency and effectiveness has guided the evolution of management theory till today. Managers, theorists, researcherRead MoreEvolution of Management Theory3679 Words   |  15 Pagescontinuously relied on group effort, and as many organized groups have become large, the task of managers has been increasing in importance and complexity. Henceforth, managerial theory has become crucial in the way managers manage complex organizations. It has to be unequivocally emphasized that managers who mix management theories in their day-to-day practice, have better chances of managing their organizations more efficiently and effectively to achieve both individu al and organizational objectives.Read MoreEvolution of Management Theory3435 Words   |  14 PagesManagement Science I Prof. M.Thenmozhi Indian Institute of Technology Madras EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT THEORY Dr.M. Thenmozhi Professor Department of Management Studies Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600 036 E-mail: mtm@iitm.ac.in Management Science I Prof. M.Thenmozhi Indian Institute of Technology Madras †¢ Early management theory consisted of numerous attempts at getting to know these newcomers to industrial life at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth centuryRead MoreThe Evolution of Management Practices and Theories Essay2306 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction With the rapid change of the world, thought of management, theory and practise keeps on changing. It has been transformed through innovation. Taking into consideration the uncertainty surrounding the construction industry, it is essential paying attention to how people work within an organisation that has set goals that needs to be achieved. To be able to achieve these objectives, it is necessary to understand management relating issues such as culture, motivation, leadership and issuesRead MoreEvolution Of Management : Theory X And Y, And Theory Z1811 Words   |  8 Pages Evolution of Management Blake Schwengler Tarleton State University â€Æ' Abstract We will examine the evolution of management beginning with the timeframe of the industrial revolution thru today’s management. Management theories included in this time contains the Human Relations/ Behavioral School of Management, Classical School of Management, Contingency Approach, the Scientific Approach, Theory X and Y, and Theory Z. The present style and classical style of management will be compared and contrastedRead MoreEvolution And Development Of Contemporary Management Theory2687 Words   |  11 PagesManagement revolutionized by the â€Å"man who invented management†, a writer, consultant, and professor. Known as the â€Å"godfather of management theory and practise† Peter F (Bloomberg L.P 2014), Drucker influenced many people with his management theory and business concepts. Professor Peter Drucker (1909 – 2005) was a leading academic researcher, author, and expert who had a prominent and significant influence on the evolution and developme nt of contemporary management theory throughout the second half

We Should Allow Drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife...

Over the last thirty years the United States has been faced with the problem of dependence on foreign countries for oil and the tight control that these exercise on the energy policies and economics of America. Many of these instances include: the oil embargos of the 1970s, the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, and the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in 2001. Since the 1970s, one solution offered to reduce our nations dependence on foreign countries for oil has been opening up drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Proponents say that drilling in ANWR would make the United States more self-sufficient in the area of energy, while at the same time not doing excessive damage to the environment of the area.†¦show more content†¦Another interesting fact about ANWR is that, ?ANWR is home to one of the world?s largest caribou herds as well as 200 other wildlife and plant species.? (Cunningham, William P. Cunningham, Mary Ann and Saigo, Barbara, pg. 413) My argument in favor of opening up oil drilling in ANWR is based on two things: the questionable conclusions that the Lovins article draws from past energy policies and the latest factual and no-so factual data they had available to them at the time. I believe that given the world we live in today, the principles that the Lovins and other use to argue against oil drilling in ANWR can be applied to argue why oil drilling should be open in the tract of land in Alaska. By drilling for oil in Alaska the U.S. will become more self-efficient on fuel, and the opportunity for employment will cause the current unemployment rate to decrease. The drilling creates opportunities not only for oil companies, but also boating and airplane carriers. In the article, the Lovins? write, ?In sum, even if drilling in the Artic Wildlife Refuge posed no environmental or human rights concerns, it still could not be justified on economic or security grounds.? (Armory B. Lovins and L. Hunter Lovins, page 130) This may have been true when they wrote the article but the economics of the United States and the world have changed. They argue that the amount of oil in ANWR and the projected price per barrelShow MoreRelated Should the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge be opened to Oil Drilling?1544 Words   |  7 PagesDrilling oil in Alaskas Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) is a serious issue for environmentalists and for the future of the United States. Should the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge be opened to oil drilling? This paper will debate whether or not we should allow Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to be opened to oil drilling. This will also show the impact it has on the environment, and I will show a critical analysis of th e current issue of whether or not to drill. History Arctic NationalRead MoreEssay about Environmental Views of Anwr2711 Words   |  11 PagesThe Arctic National Wildlife Reserve (ANWR) is a beautiful 19.6 million acre coastal plain, and is located in the Northeastern part of Alaska. ANWR is home to numerous species of wildlife and one of the largest untapped oil preserves in the United States. There is an immense debate between the opposing environmentalists and the politicians who want to drill for oil on a section of ANWR, which is only 1.8% of the refuge. Environmentalists who oppose drilling for oil in Alaska say the wildlife andRead More Environmental Views of Arctic National Wildlife Reserve (ANWR)2507 Words   |  11 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Arctic National Wildlife Reserve (ANWR) is a beautiful 19.6 million acre coastal plain, and is located in the Northeastern part of Alaska. ANWR is home to numerous species of wildlife and one of the largest untapped oil preserves in the United States. There is an immense debat e between the opposing environmentalists and the politicians who want to drill for oil on a section of ANWR, which is only 1.8% of the refuge. Environmentalists who oppose drilling for oil in Alaska say the wildlife andRead MoreThe Arctic National Wildlife Refuge2134 Words   |  9 PagesThe Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) has been the center of a strident controversy and national debate that has raged for over 40 years. The question raising so much contention is whether the federal government should allow drilling for oil and natural gas with the levels of contention paralleling the rise and fall of gas prices. The National Democratic and Republican Parties have taken opposing positions in their national political platforms, with the debate emerging and re-emerging in CongressRead MoreThe Debate Over the Idea of Drilling for Oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge1480 Words   |  6 PagesThe Debate Over the Idea of Drilling for Oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refug e Throughout American history, there have been a number of conflicts and disagreements among the populace over various issues. These conflicts of interest help to define political parties and allow people to distinguish themselves through party allegiance. One such item that is currently being debated is over the idea of drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. For years, environmentalistRead MoreThe Threat Of Global Warming1779 Words   |  8 PagesWe are paying the consequences from past generation’s inability to make the right but hard choices, in order to protect and preserve our environment. The NRDC website lists the top global warming symptoms as melting glaciers, rising sea levels, severe weather patterns, the human health, and wildlife. (Consequences of Global Warming). Drilling in ANWR would cause horrifying situations for the wildlife ecosystem and inescapable affects on life in America and around the world, as we know it. In theRead MoreEssay about Anwr - We Should Drill3741 Words   |  15 PagesANWR: Drilling Mandatory or Unnecessary Shannon Bowerman Hour 7 Laughlin -- February 12, 2008 English Research Paper Shannon Bowerman Hour 7 February 12, 2008 English Research Paper – Introduction Since 1987, the issue of whether or not drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) should be allowed has been one of the concerns of political figures, as well as many Americans. This issue has been fought before the Senate at leastRead More America Does NOT Need to Drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge5388 Words   |  22 PagesAmerica Does NOT Need to Drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Thesis: If the United States is going to choose to conserve energy responsibly, then our governments energies should not be focused on developing oil in the ANWR, but rather on the topics of conservation through higher fuel efficiency standards in vehicles and by developing alternative energy sources. Conservation, fuel efficiency and alternative energy sources are the solutions that will lead usRead MoreThe Importance Of Drilling For Oil In The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge723 Words   |  3 Pagesto raising revenue by drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in the northeast corner of Alaska. Though pushed for years by Alaskas congressional delegation, tapping that land, set aside for caribou herds and other wildlife, is still not a sure thing. The Senate, House and President Trump each need to agree to a budget proposal that sets up the prospect of a tax code rewrite. Passing a revamp of the tax code is still a big if. But to the west of the refuge along the states NorthRead MoreOil Drilling2003 Words   |  9 PagesOil Drilling Jasmine A. Richardson Freshman Seminar Friday 10:20-11:20 Throughout the years the government has spent millions of dollars on oil drilling. But what is the actual purpose of oil drilling? Is it necessary? Are we spending too much money on this one project or is it useful in the end? These questions have been debated so much over and over again. But the question is am I for or against oil drilling? Oil drilling takes up too much time and money for one simple purpose. It takes

Business Ethics Poor Medical Practice

Questions: 1.Clearly define the ethical question/problem and provide a brief explanation as to why it is important.2.Identify facts and key assumptions which are relevant to your analysis of the ethical problem.3. Analyse the ethical problem using act utilitarianism, identifying all relevant consequences. Compare negative versus positive consequences and assess whether net utility will rise or fall as a result of the ethical act being examined. 4.Apply Kants categorical imperative by defining the rule that authorises the act central to the ethical problem you have chosen. Discuss whether this rule can be applied universally.5.Provide a conclusion comparing results in parts c d above identifying whether your ethical conclusion equates with your conscience with regards this problem. Answers: 1. Recently, a Perth doctor has been banned from practicing medicine because of professional misconduct which includes act of sexual harassment towards a patient. As per the judgement issued by State Administrative Tribunal, the conduct of Gregory Duck was considered as serious breach code stated by medical institutions for doctors. Serious breach of code includes incompetence and poor medical practice and sexual harassment (ABC, 2017). There are some recent cases of sexual misconduct in Australia by doctors have brought this issue into the limelight. This issue is considered as serious breach at both ethical as well as legal level. A sexual relationship between the doctor and the patient is considered as unethical and it challenges the basic factors of doctor patient relationship. 2. In Australia, almost 50 doctors are still conducting their medical practices which have been alleged for sexual misconduct. As per the report of Fairfax Media, Dr Andrew Churchyard, working as neurologist in Victoria had harassed almost 35 patients from last 13 years in Australia and still he is able to continue his practice despite a complaint to the Medical Board as long ago as 2007. Health Minister of Victoria named as Jill Hennessy is invited for the purpose of reviewing the national use of chaperones for doctors who are alleged for sexual misconduct. All the victims of Dr Churchyard's were male, and they all are suffered from some serious neurological conditions such as Huntington's disease and Tourette's Syndrome. Dr. Churchyard was charged by police for harassing their patient and he committed suicide after more patients file complaint against him (SDM, 2016). According to Hyam, there are many similarities between the child sexual abuse and sexual misconduct by doctors because in both the cases there is no balance of power, victim is not capable to make decision in his own interest and weakened self-protective instincts and vulnerability. Other similarities include factors related to secrecy which are associated with traumatic disillusionment with the idolised object, and victim is feeling guilty for that experience and thinks he is responsible for everything. There are some legal similarities also such as consent of victim and in both the cases it is not possible for victim to provide informed consent. There are number of countries such as America where sexual misconduct by doctors are considered as misconduct but with one exception that consent of victim cannot be used as defence (Kiel, n.d.). 3. Utilitarian includes all the good and bad notions of any action on the basis of consequences produced by the act. These consequences can arise at any time whether as the result of the act or during the performance of act. If there is not much difference between the positive and negative consequence then many scholars did not consider the issue as moral issue. Acts are considered ethical if positive consequences of the act are more as compared to negative consequences, and in case negative consequences are more than act is considered as unethical (Mill, 1863). In the present issue, sexual relationship between doctor and patient is considered as unethical act. In case if both doctor and patient give informed consent for sexual relationship then it might be possible that this relationship have some positive consequences. Positive consequences of sexual relationship between doctor and patient are very less as compared to negative consequences. There are very particular situations in which this relationship is considered as ethical relationship. On the other hand, sexual relationship between doctor and patient is clearly unethical, and they are always considered as unethical because there is imbalance of power between the doctor and patient and victim is not able to take decision in his own interest (Cohen, Kelian, Oliveira, Gobbetti, Massad, n.d.) It is the fundamental duty of the doctor to respect the dignity of patient and also to maintain the respect of his profession. There is fiduciary relationship between the doctor and patient and such acts reduce the dignity of medical profession. Sexual harassment not only affects the victim at physical level only but it also leave mental affect on patient. There are both long term and short term effects of sexual harassment on victim such as fear, guilty feeling, mental disorder, lack of confidence, and various other effects. In some cases victims even take their own life and take other major steps. Therefore, negative consequences are more as compared to positive consequences. 4. Kant was the opponent of Utilitarian theory developed by Mill. According to Kant, there are some actions which are prohibited such as murder, theft, and others even these actions result in more positive result as compared to their alternatives. Kant developed two questions to decide whether act is ethical or not. First question determine the purpose of act and consider whether act fulfil the goals of human beings or just done to fulfil one owns purpose. Section question states whether act perform by person rationally done by other persons also. In case answer to these questions is no then it is advisable that individual does not perform that question. According to Kant these questions were equivalent. Theory developed by Kant is an example of a deontological moral theory, and as per these theories act is ethical or not does not depend on the result of act but on the fact whether individual perform his duty or not. Kant stated that principle of morality was supreme and he referred to it as The Categorical Imperative, and the CI determines the moral duty of individual (CSUS, n.d.). Sexual harassment by doctors is an ethical issue and it also affects the duties of human being. This type of conduct from doctors while discharging their voluntary duties not only reduces the dignity of medical profession but also breach the human dignity. As stated above, it is the fundamental duty of doctors to respect the dignity of patient and their profession. On the basis of Kant theory this type of conduct is analyzed on the basis of two questions. Firstly this type of conduct does not fulfil the duty of human beings and its result and the purpose of this act is self oriented. In this doctors consider their own interest and perform the action for self satisfaction, and as per Kants theory action is not ethical if it does not fulfil the goals of human beings or just done to fulfil one owns purpose. Secondly, this type of conduct is not perform rationally by the other person because it fall under the category of breach of ethics as well as it result in legal consequences, and as per the theory if act is not performed rationally by other person then act is unethical (Caplan, 2016). 5. After analyzing this issue on the basis of above two theories that is utilitarian theory and Kant theory, it is clear that sexual relationship between doctor and patient is unethical act. It not only breaches the moral ethics but also create legal consequences for doctors as well. The issue of sexual harassment is itself a sensitive matter but its implications in medical field are more dangerous because society respects this profession and there is relationship of trust between the doctor and patient. Therefore, Sexual harassment is clearly an unethical act and in case of medical profession it is considered as more dangerous. Medical institutions must take strict action to avoid such situations and set framework for this purpose. References: ABC, (2017). Perth doctor banned over sexualised behaviour towards patient. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-17/perth-doctor-banned-over-professional-misconduct/8279546. Accessed on 10th March 2017. SMD. (2016). Dozens of doctors being watched due to sexual misconduct allegations. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/national/health/dozens-of-doctors-being-watched-due-to-sexual-misconduct-allegations-20160809-gqopbs.html. Accessed on 10th March 2017. Kiel, H. Sex, discipline and doctors the New South Wales experience. Available at: https://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/conferences/medicine/kiel.pdf. Accessed on 10th March 2017. Mill, J. (1863). Utilitarianism. Available at: https://www.utilitarianism.com/mill1.htm. Accessed on 10th March 2017. Cohen, C. Kelian, R. Oliveira, R. Gobbetti, G. Massad, E. Sexual harassment in the physician-patient interaction: analysis of charges against doctors in the state of So Paulo. Available at: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S1807-59322009001100007. Accessed on 10th March 2017. CSUS. Kantian Ethics. Available at: https://www.csus.edu/indiv/g/gaskilld/ethics/kantian%20ethics.htm. Accessed on 10th March 2017. Caplan, L. A. (2016). Too Many Doctors Who Sexually Abuse Patients Go Unpunished. Available at: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/872103. Accessed on 10th March 2017. Soin, K. Tan, J. Sexual Harassment in the Medical World. Available at: https://www.sma.org.sg/UploadedImg/files/Publications%20-%20SMA%20News/4512/Insight.pdf. Accessed on 10th March 2017.

The Modern Age For Writing Took Place In 1915 And Ended In 1946. The T

The Modern Age for writing took place in 1915 and ended in 1946. The time period encountered two World Wars, prosperity and the Great Depression. Writers were going to war, became vetrins, others were killed in war, but some writers became famous dead or alive. The war did change the style of writing for the writers. After the war the United States became in isolation. Wilson focused on the problems the US had during the time after the war. In the 1920's the time was called The Roaring Twenties. It was called The Roaring Twenties, because production was so high people were going out and enjoying themselves. The middle class was then formed and they ere the ones going out enjoying themselves. Moves came out lots of new inventions came out, and the Module-T was introduced. This was also the time when teens started to go there own ways and having fun and being very social. The middle class was seen as wealthy but most of their pocetions were on credit, a reason why the Great Depression hit the US so hard. The Great Depression was the nest thing that happened in the late 1920's and early 1930's. The Depression started a domino affect that started by the stock market crash, then people tried to get their money out of the bank, businesses lots or most of their investments and businesses had to drop their employees because of the lack of money people lost their money due to credit and no job, ext . . . In 1932 about 12 million people or about a quarter of the people living in the US was without a job. Throughout the depression the unemployed rate kept to increasing. The elections of 1932 Roosevelt became the new president and started something called the New Deal. The New Deal started to help the US get out of the Depression slowly. In the late 1930's World War II broke out, and the US would stay isolated and resume naturally until the Japanese surprised attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941. The US entered the war with the allies and they would fight for two years before beating Nazi Germany. The war ended after the US dropped two A-bombs on Japan. Peace and the atomic age had finally arrived. The writers during the Modern Age were influenced by the social impacted of the US. As World War I broke out there was meany books and stories wrote about war or about war like atmosphere. There were meany writers that went out to war and wrote about the war. There was people still writing about the new technology and new things being introduced during to time period. During the 1920's there were meany writers just enjoying themselves and the stories were usealy pleasant. They're where meany stories wrote about the feature and all the new produce that were coming out. During the Depression the writing style went down a bit. They started to write stories about hope and the way the hole US was just completely messed up. Afer the Depression writers went back to what they were writing about during WWI. WWII did bring the US out of the Depression and there were meany stories that had that in the plot or as a setting giving new hope and a new beginning.